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Ancient higher-learning institutions
A variety of ancient higher-learning institutions were developed in many cultures to provide institutional frameworks for scholarly activities. These ancient centres were sponsored and overseen by courts; by religious institutions, which sponsored cathedral schools, monastic schools, and madrasas; by scientific institutions, such as museums, hospitals, and observatories; and by individual scholars. They are to be distinguished from the Western-style university which is an autonomous organization of scholars that originated in medieval Europe〔Stephen C. Ferruolo, ''The Origins of the University: The Schools of Paris and Their Critics, 1100-1215'', (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1985) pp. 4-5 ISBN 0-8047-1266-2〕 and was adopted in other world regions since the onset of modern times (see list of oldest universities in continuous operation).
== Europe and Near East ==
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